Iraq iran war of 1980 †major facts Free Essays

Key Dates Context †Iraq 13 Millions occupants Saddam Hussein is as yet challenged in his own parti by A1 Bakr supporters and with Islamic upheaval in Iran, Shiis start a revolt in 1979. first military force in the locale. Bedouins = 75%, Kurds = 17%, perstan 2%. We will compose a custom paper test on Iraq iran war of 1980 †significant realities or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now 2/2 Sunni, 1/2 Shii and 3% of minority (christians, Jews,†¦ ) Economic reliance on oil. Others segments were developping. Baasist regim since 1968 and the second â€Å"coup d’â ©tat† (first in 1963). July 1979, Saddam Hussein at long last take incomparable force after the ‘elimination’ of his cousin Hassan A1 Bakr, previous Iraq president. Setting †Iran 35 Million occupants Islamic regim after the 1979 unrest Persian = 61 %, Azeris = 16%, Kurds = 90% Shii, 9% Sunni, 1% non muslim (Christians, Jew, Zoroastrians). Monetary reliance to oil (79% of government incomes). Others areas are seriously developped. Yet at the same time challenged. Shortcoming of military powers because of cleanses of new regims. Strict contrasts †Sunni/Shii Had part in 661 after the death of All, the fourth Caliph and particularly the nephew and child in law of Muhamad as the first who have convert himself to Islam. Political contrasts at start. Shii figures the Caliph ought to be a relative of Ali and o Muhamad to have the prophete blood. Sunni gives the caliphate to the best muslim. Religion practice additionally contrasts. For Shii, they figure Caliphs and Imams can decipher the coran. For Sunni, understanding. are not so much acknowledged. There is additionally the 7 uncovered/7 covered up imman hypothesis in Shiism. Today : 90% of Muslim are Sunni. In the tenth Century, half and the two primary caliphate were administered by Shii. Bedouins/Persians Economic and Political stakes (Iraqi inspirations) Shatt al Arab first explanation of the contention Geostrategic Waterway near the Persian inlet. †Use to be Iraqi †Since the Alger understandings (1975) the two ountries share the zone Iraqi needs to get back Shatt al Arab. The Saddam Hussein governmant (BAAS) is a lay gathering: Stop the Islamic development in the area. Components prompting the War Iraqui political and practical inspirations Iran is debilitated due to the Islamic insurgency Saddam feels strong (30 days of war greatest) Ayatollah Rouhollah khomeini, Islamic upheaval pioneer has awful connection with Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein imagines that he includes support inside Iran (Socialist and non-progressive partisants) Saddam Hussein believes that he has inlets nations bolster Iranian Stakes for winning the war After having won 1% of the Iranian domain, Saddam reinforced his trust in winning the war and proposed a truce. The most effective method to refer to Iraq iran war of 1980 †significant realities, Essays

Qualified Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualified Teaching - Essay Example Preparing to be educators is conferred in universities so the instructors are more ready to confront understudies the entire all year. Be that as it may, presently not all educators are qualified. They might be graduates in various circles of work regions. In any case, these days, instructors have large amounts of the zone of their calling. An architect could switch over to showing science and arithmetic. A bookkeeper could start from the very beginning as educator of financial matters, insights, and records. Â Let us take the instance of an instructor who has practical experience in showing English as a Second Language (ESL). Before all else, it will be hard to understand the strategy or schedule to be utilized for showing the language. As a matter of fact, there will be no requirement for expand course books. It is conceivable to manage with one course reading and one sentence structure book. There is likewise requirement for a reading material that has nuts and bolts just as some introduction to the propelled language. It is important to construct a technique. There will be understudies from various foundations. Furthermore, every understudy will have his and her own insight level in the language to work from. It is important to experience a few books regarding the matter. At long last, the educator settles to one conversational reading material and a sentence structure course reading. Â It is acceptable if the conversational course reading has more data in it that required. In any case, it must be basic and clear in its introduction, and the principal half of the book must comprise of the required writings. The other half should be practices in conversational practice which the understudies could deal with all alone and just return to the guide for partitions they don't comprehend. The sentence structure reading material utilized in the fifth to seventh grades effectively teach syntax. They secured the total language structure parcel. Â Knowledge is the key fixing in ESL. It is anything but difficult to educate ESL among non-graduates or students.

2013 February First Year Admits - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2013 February First Year Admits - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2013 February First Year Admits In late February, we will be releasing a small wave of First Year admission offers. I do not have a specific date at this time, so please do not ask for one (we will post it here when decisions are released). As I have stated in earlier comments, these admitted students, who are primarily Regular Decision (RD) applicants, are applicants who meet the criteria that UGA admissions used for Early Action (EA) admits. Just to stop any questions, there are no set EA criteria levels, as it is a review of the combination of grades, rigor and test scores, so please do not ask what the Early Action SAT/ACT, GPA or rigor criteria is for this group. There will be a small number of EA deferred students who are admitted in this round, mostly because of an increase in their academic standing (new test scores) or if the applicant was incomplete for Early Action, but is now complete and is admissible. We are not able to re-calculate GPAs on all deferred and RD applicants based on fall senior grades, as we do not have the manpower or time to do so (we had over 21,000 total freshman applicants this year). We do look closely at the fall grades during our read process though, and we look at grade trends, high/low grades, and how a student did in their most challenging classes, especially in junior/senior years. Whenever we release these February decisions, we always get questions, ranging from Why didnt I hear to Does this mean that more decisions will roll out through the month of March and so on. The next group of decisions after this round will be in late March, and these will be the remaining freshman decisions. From now until late March, our office will continue with reading, and reading, and reading more files. Please do not contact us and see if you can get your decision earlier, whether due to a vacation, another colleges schedule, a birthday gift for an applicant, etc., as we need to review all of the files before making final decisions. Generally, 1,500+ students have received an offer of admission in this round in the past (we only do admits during this round), but we have a large number of students that we will be admitting in late March as well. I do not have any specific academic data about this February group (GPA, SAT/ACT mid-ranges, etc.), but they should be somewhat similar to the EA admitted group. When we do release the February decisions, I will post it here and I will tweet about the decision release. I hope this answers a fair number of your questions. Go Dawgs!

Bobbie Sue Dudley The Angel of Death

Bobbie Sue Dudley worked as the night supervisor at a St. Petersburg nursing home when 12 patients died within the first month that she was employed. She later admitted to killing the patients with large dosages of insulin. Childhood and Teenage Years Bobbie Sue Dudley (Terrell) was born in October 1952 in Woodlawn, Illinois. She was one of six children who lived with their parents in a trailer in an economically depressed area of Woodlawn. Much of the familys attention went to caring for four of her five brothers who suffered from Muscular Dystrophy. As a child, Dudley was overweight and severely near-sighted. She was shy and withdrawn and had few friends  unless she was at her  church where she received praise for her singing and organ playing. Her relationship with her church and her religion grew deeper as she got older. On occasion, she awkwardly shared her religious beliefs with schoolmates in such an aggressive way that her peers found her strange and avoided being around her. However, being unpopular did not deter her from her studies, and she consistently earned above-average grades. Nursing School Having helped to take care of her brothers over the years, Bobbie Sue set her sights on becoming a geriatric nurse after graduating from high school in 1973. She took her studies seriously and after three years in nursing school, she earned a degree as a registered nurse. She quickly found temporary employment at different medical facilities near her home. Marriage Bobbie Sue met and married Danny Dudley soon after she graduated from nursing school. When the couple decided to have a child, Bobbie Sue learned that she was unable to get pregnant. The news was devastating to Bobbie Sue and she went into a deep depression. Not willing to be childless, the couple decided to adopt a son. The joy of having a new son lasted for only a short time. Bobbie Sue became so deeply depressed that she decided to go for professional help. Her doctor diagnosed her with Schizophrenia and put her on medications which did little to help her condition. Bobbie Sues illness took a toll on the marriage along with the added stress of having a newly adopted child. But when the baby was hospitalized after suffering from a drug overdose, the marriage came to an abrupt end. Danny Dudley filed for divorce and won full custody of the couples son after offering convincing evidence that Dudley had been giving the boy her Schizophrenia medicine—not once, but at least four times. The divorce had a debilitating impact on Dudleys mental and physical health. She ended up in and out of the hospital for a variety of medical reasons that required surgery. She also had a complete hysterectomy and had problems with a broken arm that would not heal. Unable to cope on her own, she went to a mental health facility where she stayed a year before getting a clean bill of health to return to work. First Permanent Job After getting out of the mental health facility she began working at a nursing home in Greenville, Illinois, which is an hour away from Woodlawn. It did not take long for her mental problems to start resurfacing. She began fainting while on the job, but doctors were unable to determine any medical reason that would cause it to happen. Rumors that she pretended to faint for attention began circulating among the staff. When it was discovered that she had purposely slashed her vagina several times with a pair of scissors out of rage for her inability to have children, the nursing home administrators terminated her and recommended that she get professional help. Relocation to Florida Dudley decided that instead of getting help, she would move to Florida. In August 1984, she got her Florida nursing license and worked in temporary positions in the Tampa Bay area. The move did not cure her constant health issues, however, and she continued checking in at the local hospitals with different ailments. One such trip led to her having an emergency colostomy due to excessive rectal bleeding. Still, by October, she had managed to move to St. Petersburg and get a permanent position as a night shift supervisor on the 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. shift at the North Horizon Health Care Center. A Serial Killer Within weeks after Dudley started working there was an increase in the number of patients dying during her shift. Since the patients were elderly the deaths did not raise any immediate alarms. The first death was Aggie Marsh, 97, on Nov. 13, 1984, from what was deemed as natural causes. Days later a patient nearly died from an insulin overdose that had the staff talking. The insulin was kept in a locked cabinet and Dudley was the only one with the key. Ten days later, on November 23, the second patient to die during Dudleys shift was Leathy McKnight, 85, from an overdose of insulin. There was also a suspicious fire that broke out in the linen closet that same evening. On November 25, Mary Cartwright, 79 and Stella Bradham, 85, died during the night shift. On the following night, November 26, five patients died. That same night an anonymous woman contacted the police and whispered into the phone that there was a serial killer murdering patients at the nursing home. When the police went to the nursing home to investigate the call they found Dudley suffering from a stab wound, claiming that she had been stabbed by an intruder. The Investigation A full police investigation began into the 12 deaths and one near death of patients in a 13-day span, with Dudley quickly jumping to the number one person of interest after police could find no evidence to back up her claims of being stabbed by an intruder. Investigators discovered Dudleys history of ongoing health issues, Schizophrenia, and the incident of self-mutilation that led to her being fired from her position in Illinois. They turned the information over to her supervisors and in December her employment at the nursing home was terminated. Without a job and no income, Dudley decided to try for workmans compensation from the nursing home since she was stabbed while at work. In response, the nursing homes insurance company asked for Dudley to undergo a full psychiatric examination. The psychiatric report concluded that Dudley suffered from Schizophrenia and Munchausen Syndrome and that she probably stabbed herself. The incident in Illinois of her stabbing herself was also revealed and she was denied workmans compensation. On Jan. 31, 1985, unable to cope, Dudley checked herself into a hospital for both psychiatric and medical reasons. It was during her stay at the hospital that she learned that the Florida Department of Professional Regulation had issued an immediate suspension of her nursing license because she was a high risk of being a danger to herself and others. The Arrest The fact that Dudley was no longer employed at the nursing home did not deter the investigation into the patients deaths. The bodies of nine of the patients that died were exhumed and autopsies were underway. Dudley left the hospital and soon after married 38-year-old Ron Terrell who was an unemployed plumber. Unable to afford an apartment, the newlywed couple moved into a tent. On March 17, 1984, enough evidence had been uncovered for investigators to charge Dudley on four counts of murder, Aggie Marsh, Leathy McKnight, Stella Bradham, and Mary Cartwright, and one count of attempted murder of Anna Larson. Dudley never had to face a jury. Instead, she worked out a plea bargain and pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and first-degree attempted murder in exchange for a 95-year-sentence. Bobbie Sue Dudley Terrell would end up serving only 22 years of her sentence. She died in prison in 2007.

Abe Lincoln Research Paper - 1734 Words

Abraham Lincoln was considered by many American’s as one of the greatest Presidents of the United States. Having come from humble beginnings it could be said that Abraham Lincoln rose up to meet all the challenges that would greet him, and it could be argued that at the time the only person who could successfully guide the United States through the Civil War was Abraham Lincoln. At the time of his presidency, the United States was falling apart, with the South trying to secede from the North, creating much chaos that Lincoln had to deal with. He worked slowly and throughly, which sometimes got people agitated but he was a very careful working man and knew that it was better if he took his time. Abraham Lincoln was not†¦show more content†¦2 Lincoln felt as though African Americans were not equal to the white people, but he believed that all men were created with certain rights. In 1857, the Supreme Court issued its controversial decision Scott v. Sanford, declarin g African Americans were not citizens and had no inherent rights. 3 This act influenced Lincoln to stand up and speak out to what he thought was right and wrong, and in 1860, Abe Lincoln became the President of the United States. Lincoln stands out as a great war president, probably the greatest in our history, and a great natural strategist, a better one than any of his generals. 4 Lincoln was not a natural strategist, he worked hard to master the subject, just as he had done to learn how to read and study to become a lawyer, nothing came easy to him and he had to work hard to achieve whatever he wanted. He had no time to prepare becoming commander in chief, he had to learn it on the job. Tried By War showed the dilemmas Lincoln had to overcome like, generals disobeying orders, and the south trying to secede from the north. Lincoln wasn’t a master of war, and did a lot of studying to help him become a great commander in chief. Tried By War tells us how Lincoln had to gradually overcome the slave issue because if he abolished slavery all at once, he would lose many of the border states that had slaves, but were on the Union side.Show MoreRelatedThe Views Of Abraham Lincoln1147 Words   |  5 Pagesrecent myth that has developed is the theory that Abraham Lincoln was homosexual. This myth came to light in 1999 when Larry Kramer, the founding member of the Gay Men’s Health Crisis, made the statement that Lincoln was homosexual and backed up his statement with diary excerpts from Lincoln’s bunkmate’s Diary. The excerpts read: He often kisses me when I tease him, often to shut me up†¦ He would grab me in his long arms and hug and hug†¦ our Abe is like a school girl† (Steers 126). Kramer also made aRead MoreLincoln s Representation Of Lincoln1640 Words   |  7 Pagesscant amount of research on how Abraham Lincoln has been illustrated in motion pictures. 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In contrast, some authors (Escott, Gates, Foner, and McPherson) maintain a more critical stance on Lincoln’s decision to abolish slavery citing that his main goal was solely to preserve the Union and not out of a personal resentment towards slavery. This paper will examine these two divergent narrativesRead MoreJiayun1132 Words   |  5 PagesAnn Li May 5, 2013 Social Study Research Paper Ms. Yassin Abraham Lincoln On February 12, 1809, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of United States came into the world in a poor family in Hardin County, Kentucky. When Lincoln was born, he was given his paternal grandfathers name. His father, Thomas Lincoln was a farmer and shoemaker with only a little amount of knowledge. However, Abrahams father gained respect of the community because he purchased his own land twice. 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Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a president, Lincoln’sRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1564 Words   |  7 Pages Abraham Lincoln Research Paper During the Civil War, was Abraham Lincoln the cause or the cure? Abraham Lincoln, the man that hit right path toward life while earning respect. He worked hard most of his life and at law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a president

Executive Summary on Starbucks Free Essays

For the second week within accounting, Team B was assigned to choose an organization, and to research the annual financial reports from the last two-three fiscal years. As a Team, we have chosen to discuss and analyze the vast coffee franchise called Starbuck’s. While using Starbucks’ balance sheet, income statements, and cash flow chart, this will help us to determine how well Starbuck’s is doing with their consumers, and throughout the globe. We will write a custom essay sample on Executive Summary on Starbucks or any similar topic only for you Order Now So now let us start off with explaining a brief history for this successful company, along with all the data and records we were able to retrieve. A small coffee shop was opened in 1971 by three men, Zev Siegl, Gordon Bowker, and Jerry Baldwin in Seattle’s Pike Place Market; they named the shop Starbucks Coffee, Tea, and Spices. The retail company was successful in the sale of tea, spices, ground coffee, and roasted whole bean coffee. However, in 1980 Siegl sold his part of the business. In 1982, Baldwin hired Howard Schultz, a salesperson of plastic, into the Starbucks venture.After experiencing popular espresso bars in Milan while on a business trip Schultz discovers the potential for Seattle. Finally, Schultz shares his discovery of lattes and mochas with Seattle and the city instantly become fans of coffee (Gourmet Coffee Zone. com, 2008). Currently, Starbucks is enjoyed by millions of customers daily in over 50 countries and have facilities in more than 16,000 locations. Interestingly, the Starbucks name birth from the classic American novel, Moby Dick, written by the author Herman Melville.After the mid 80’s Starbucks continued to be a success to coffee drinking through-out the United States and eventually, the world. Following is the history of Starbucks road to success (Starbucks Corporation, 2010). †¢ 1987 – Starbucks opens stores in Vancouver and Chicago. †¢ 1988 – Full-time and part-time employees are offered full health benefits †¢ 1992 – Starbucks’ common stock is being traded under the trading symbol â€Å"SBUX† on the NASDAQ. †¢ 1996 – Begins selling bottled coffee drink through Pepsi-Cola. ? Japan store opens as the first store outside of North America 1997 – The Starbucks Foundations is established to benefit the local community. †¢ 1999 – Promotes to grow coffee in an environmentally safe way by partnering with Conservation International. †¢ 2002 – Becomes licensed to sell coffee as Fair Trade Certified in other countries. †¢ 2009 – Starbucks is the world’s largest buyer of Fair Trade Certified coffee (Starbucks Corporation, 2010). The Starbucks mission is â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time† (Starbucks Corporation, 2010).Starbucks has an Audit and Compliance Committee (the â€Å"Committee†) to oversee internal audits, external audits, and accounting and financial reporting activities performed by Starbucks Corporation. The Committee is responsible for monitoring the company by reviewing Starbucks financial information that is provid ed to internal and external users. However, the Committee ensures that integrity is practiced on the board of directors. Furthermore, if needed, independent auditors are not restricted but accountable to the Committee.Ultimately, the Committee carries the responsibility to provide advice and guidance to board of directors to avoid oversight (Starbucks Corporation, 2010). In 1992, Starbucks first day of trading began at $17 per share and closed at $21. 50 per share. Starbucks Corporations is listed under the ticker symbol â€Å"SBUX† on the NASDAQ (Starbucks Corporation, 2010). As of September 28, 2008, Starbucks Corporation’s cash and cash equivalent was $269. 8 million for the end of the annual reporting period for 2008.At the end of the fiscal year of 2009, Starbucks reported a cash and cash equivalent of $599. 8 million on September 27, 2009 (Starbucks Corporation, 2010). In the Consolidated Statement of Earnings Report, the financial data included the specific fiscal years 2009, 2008 and 2007, and the net revenues, other operating expenses, interest income, interest expense, net income, and so forth. In another section, the data includes basic and diluted earnings per common share, basic and diluted weighted average number of common share outstanding.In the Balance Sheet section, the data includes working capital, total current assets, total current liabilities, long-debt and, shareholder’s equity, and cash dividends per common share, retained earnings. There is reference in the footnotes section that refer to further clarification on how the specified fiscal years as being restated and conforming to the adjustments, and refere ncing the goodwill and other intangible principles. The Cash Flows section data includes operating activities; net earnings such as, investment and financing activities, cash and cash equivalents and supplemental disclosure of cash flows.Finally the last statement represented was the Consolidated Statements Shareholder’s Equity. It presented the last three preceding 3 years’ common stock balance, net earnings, comprehensive income, and sale of stock and repurchase of common stock. Current Assets on a balance sheet are presented in order that allows them to be converted into cash easily, e. g. (cash, cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, inventories and property). Starbucks’ total current assets at the end of 2008 and 2009 reporting periods were 1,748. 0 and 2,035. 8 million.The two largest current assets reported by Starbucks in 2008 and 2009 were their inventory, which represented in millions totaled $692. 8 in 2008 and $664. 9 in 2009. Further, their total assets were reported as $5,672. 6 in 2008 and $5,576. 8 in 2009. Starbucks reported that their accounts payable had decreased from $324. 9 in 2008 to $267. 1 in 2009. Moving on, looking into Starbuck’s recent liabilities and the current net revenues shall be the next focal points for our executive summary. For Starbucks and the year 2008, this coffee franchise had a total current liability that equal to $2,189. million, then for 2009 Starbuck’s had a total liability of $1581. 0 million. The two largest current liabilities at the end of 2008 includes: notes payable/short term debts and accrued expenses throughout Starbuck’s business cycle for 2008. For 2009, the two largest liability sections involved accrued expenses, along with other current liabilities that were not listed in details. For Starbucks, their grand total liabilities at the end of 2008s most recent annual reporting periods were $3181. 7 million. Finally, at the end of 2009, the grand total for liabilities came out to $2531. million. Now let us focus on Starbuck’s net revenue for the last three annual reporting periods. Within the year 2007, Starbucks had the total net revenue of $9411. 5 million, for 2008 the revenue was at $10,383. 0 million, than finally for 2009 their current revenue consisted of $9,774. 6 million. Going forward towards the net income, in 2007 Starbuck’s reported having $672. 64 million, for 2008 their income was at $315. 5 million, than finally in 2009 Starbuck’s jumped up in numbers with a total of $390. 8 million in current net income.The change in dollar amount from Starbuck’s net income in 2008 to 2009 was an increase of $75. 3 million. With all this information and data collected and analyzed, it is interesting for us as a Team to visualize just how complex and accurate accounting has to be, especially for such a large corporation! All financial information must be taken into account, and leaving out any details, no matter how small they may be, is likely to change the current information which leads to confusion and inaccurate reporting.For an organization as immense as Starbuck’s, it takes time and commitment to ensure everything department runs efficiently, and for all the coffee lovers out there, we’re sure they’re very grateful indeed. How to cite Executive Summary on Starbucks, Papers

Was The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Justified Essay Example For Students

Was The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Justified Essay By: Brett Skyllingstad The Atomic Bomb Albert Einstein predicted that mass could be converted into energy. This was the basis for the atomic bomb. Throughout this research paper, I will trace the history of the atomic bomb. In addition, who was involved and why, what happened in this event, and explain the impact that it had on the world. After Einstein predicted, that mass could be converted into energy. This was confirmed experimentally by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton. Physicists from 1939 onward conducted much research to find answers to questions as how many neutrons were emitted in each fission and which elements would not capture the neutrons but would moderate or reduce the velocity (Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia The Atomic Bomb Mar.99 CD-ROM NP) and other questions of that nature. Frightened by the possibility that the Germans may produce an atomic bomb, physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner, and Edward Teller consulted Einstein to address a letter to Franklin Roosevelt. We will write a custom essay on Was The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Justified specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Motivated by the letter, in 1939 Roosevelt commanded an American effort to obtain atomic weaponry before the Germans. With an increasing threat from Germany, President Roosevelt needed to take an aggressive stance. He was in a position of nuclear threat. F. D.R needed to do something, and do something very fast. This is why the president called to order the Manhattan Project. Nothing happened until Vannevar Bush, coordinator of scientific activities for the war, took charge. The program was called the Manhattan Project. It came under United States Army control in 1942. The Manhattan Project is a code name for the United States efforts to complete the separation of uranium-235 out of the uranium238. The development of these compounds resulted in the impact of nuclear energy in the 20th century. President Roosevelt would later spend 2 billion dollars on this project. His goal was to ensure the safety of his nation and be a leader in the use of nuclear energy. The men who coordinated the Manhattan Project were an important part of this endeavor. The President gave the orders to United States Army Major General Leslie Groves to find different scholars to also make a nuclear bomb. In doing this, Major General Groves selected some of the best scholars in the field of physics and mathematics. They are as follows: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Richard Feyman, Enrico Fermi, Joseph C. Carter, And Neils Bohr. J. Robert Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904. He thrived on studying and was not a very social type of person. He went to Harvard and completed a four-year chemistry degree in only three years. Robert also studied subatomic physics at Cambridge. At Cambridge, he suffered a mental breakdown. At Gotigen, a German University he got his Ph.D. He then established a goal to bring new physics back to the United States. On November 1,1940 Major General Leslie asked Oppenheimer to lead, the Manhattan Project. Robert willingly took the job. This was the beginning of a project that would change the future to come. Richard Feyman was born on May 11, 1918 in Queens, New York. He mastered differential and integral calculus at age 15. He was accepted into MIT in 1936 when he was 18 years old. He graduated, and went to Princeton as a graduate. He asked Groves if he could join the theoretical division in Los Alamos and was accepted. He met a man by the name of Hans Bethe. He was somewhat like a mentor to Richard. They both worked on solving how much fissionable material it would take for the bomb to explode. Feyman won a Nobel Peace Prize for inventing the Feyman diagrams in 1965. He then died in 1988 after fighting cancer for many years. Enrico Fermi, was born on September 29,1901 in Rome Italy. He was forced to a career in the sciences by the death of his brother, a scientist He got his Ph. D. at the University of Pisa, in Italy, in 1922. Enrico split a uranium atom at University of Michigan at a lecture. He was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his work. Fermi was the first to create a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction. He did this at the University of Chicago on December 2, 1942. This was critical to the making of the atom bomb. He joined the Manhattan Project as an overseer to the scientists and a consultant to them as well. .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 , .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .postImageUrl , .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 , .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25:hover , .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25:visited , .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25:active { border:0!important; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25:active , .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25 .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u76e54fcda896f511676f97d625d05a25:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Message to Garcia: a Commandant’s Reading List Book Report Sample Essay Enrico passed away in November of 1954. If it was not for this man, I believe that the atom bomb would not have been successful. He held an essential position in the Manhattan Project Joseph C. Carter was born on September 28, 1910. He went to the United States Naval Academy and at age 18, he went to Columbia. At Columbia, he worked under General Leslie Groves. Carter and others constructed a pilot version of the atomic bomb. He and others were major assets to the Manhattan Project. Neils Bohr was born in 1885 in Denmark. He went to the University of Copenhagen where he studied physics. In 1911 he got his Ph.D. Neils presented the fact that the fission chain reaction need u-235 to be possible. He fled and went to America to work on the Manhattan Project. Bohr wanted people to know that the effects of nuclear bombs were good and bad. He asked the UN to rid themselves of nuclear weapon Projects. He later died in November 1962. General Groves bought land in Oakridge, Tennessee. This is where he had Oppenhemier start work on the Atomic bomb. The majority of the planning took place in Manhattan. That is where the research was done, and things were designed. Oakridge is where they made the main material, U-235 and PU-239 was manufactured. In Los Alamos, New Mexico was the place of fabrication of the bombs and the testing sites. The results of the project were inconceivable. The Uranium bomb, Little Boy, needed no tests. The scientists were very sure of its capability. However, they did test the plutonium bomb. This was successful. It was exploded on July 16th, 1945. It is said that a blind girl could see the blast 120 miles away. The blast leveled and killed everything. Now the United States planned to use these bombs on the Japanese. The effects of the atom bombs are terrible. In Hiroshima, the united states Little Boy, a uranium bomb, was dropped on August 6th, 1945. At the moment of the explosion, a fireball was generated with a center, which reached a temperature of several million degrees Celsius. The heat rays released in all directions had a strong effect on the ground for about three seconds, starting approximately 1/100 second after the detonation. Due to the heat rays, the temperature in the hypocenter area is believed to have reached 3,000-4,000 Celsius Iron melts at 1,536 Celsius. (History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb damage Mar. 99 http://park.org/Japan/peace/96) It killed 66,000 and injured 69,000 people. The atomic bomb blast in 1945 obliterated three-fifths of the city within seconds. On Aug. 9, 1945, an U.S. bomber dropped a plutonium atomic bomb on Nagasaki. They aimed this at the Mitsubishi shipyards. The bomb missed its target but destroyed about half of the city and killed approximately 75,000 and injuring 25,000 people. This aftermath has left an enduring mark on the world. The radiation from the blasts has since caused many deaths. People that subsided within approximately five months after the blast are considered to have acute effects. Acute effects include digestive tract disorders (nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea); nervous disorders (headache, delirium, insomnia); fatigue (loss of hair, loss of energy, weakness); bleeding (blood in vomit, blood in urine, blood in stool, purpura); infection (fever, stomatitis, skin infections); blood disorders (loss of red or white blood cells); and reproductive disorders (zoospermia, menstrual disorders). (History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb damage Mar. 99 http://park.org/Japan/peace/96)Long after acute effects, there were many other complications. Such as Keloids, Leukimia, Cancer, In-utero exposure and Genetic Effects. The rates of these problems increased many years after the bombing. After 1945, the United States built thousands of atomic bombs. In addition, the more powerful hydrogen bombs. In 1945 the United States was the only country to have nuclear capabilities. The U. S.S.R obtained them in 1949, Britain in 52,France in 1960, the Peoples Republic of China in 1964, and India in 1974. (Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia The Atomic Bomb Mar. .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 , .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .postImageUrl , .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 , .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7:hover , .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7:visited , .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7:active { border:0!important; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7:active , .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7 .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45516ca79b16c4828cb07c46c6c040e7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Role of superior court judges Essay99 CD-ROM NP) The United States Government and many other people regret having used the atom bomb. Many other countries have now made these terrible weapons of destruction. The making of this has only been a scar upon the world. Nuclear weapons led to many other problems in our world like the cold war. Many geniuses went to work to make great advancements in nuclear technology. It is a shame we could not have used these findings for a good cause. Brett Skyllingstad An Eyewitness Account by a Middle School Student The following is from an eyewitness account by a middle school student who was in a classroom during the bombing. The student managed to escape the collapsed school building but suffered injuries. Ill never forget that day. After we finished our morning greetings in the schoolyard, we were waiting in the classroom for our building demolition work to begin. Suddenly a friend by the window shouted B- 29! At the same instant, a flash pierced my eyes. The entire building collapsed at once and we were trapped underneath. I dont know how long I remained unconscious. When I came to, I couldnt move my body. Cuts on my face and hands throbbed with pain. My front teeth were broken and my shirt soaked in blood. As I crawled along, encouraging myself, I somehow managed to poke my head out of the wreckage. The school that should have appeared before my eyes was nowhere to be seen. It had vanished and only smoldering ruins remained. Beyond the school toward the center of town, all I could see was a sea of flames. I was so terrified I couldnt stop shaking. Moving my body a little at a time, I was finally able to work free of the collapsed structure. Making sure to head upwind to escape the fires, I made my way staggering haphazardly through the rubble of the city and escaped. (History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb damage Mar. 99 http://park.org/Japan/peace/96) 1 This is the mushroom cloud over Nagasaki after the bombing. 2 This is the mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the bombing. 3 This is the damage done to Nagasaki after the bomb was dropped. 4 This is a picture of J. Robert Oppenheimer. He was the leader for the making of the atomic bomb. 5 The picture displays the destruction done to Hiroshima after the bomb was dropped. 6 This picture depicts the damage done to Hiroshima. 7 This is a picture that shows the damage done to an iron tower in a test. The men in the picture are Oppenheimer and General Groves. 8 A permanent shadow that was cast the day of the blast. It was caused from the intense heat. 9 This shadow was made by a person sitting on the steps in front of the bank entrance waiting for it to open. The flash probably hit the victim from the front dying on the spot. The surface of the surrounding stone was significantly whitened by exposure to the bombs heat rays, but the place where the person sat remained dark. 10 This is a picture of Enrico Fermi. He was one of the main contributors in the making of the atomic bomb. 11. This is a picture of the size of a replica of the Fatman compared to a human. 12. This is a picture of the actual bombs. The Fatman or uranium bomb is at the left. The Little Boy or plutonium bomb is at the right. Timeline 1939- FDR commanded an American effort to obtain nuclear weaponry. 1942- Fermi produced a controlled chain reaction. July 16, 1945- Test of plutonium bomb is a success. August 6,1945- uranium bomb is dropped on Hiroshima. August 9,1945- A plutonium bomb is dropped on Nagasaki 1949- USSR acquires nuclear capabilities. 1952- Britain has nuclear capabilities 1960- France has nuclear capabilities 1964- China has nuclear capabilities 1974- India has nuclear capabilities Bibliography Work Cited Page Microsoft Encarta 1996 Encyclopedia. Nuclear weapons, 1996 CD-ROM Manhattan Project- The Story Mar. 99 . Manhattan Project- Whos Who Mar. 99 . Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb Mar. 99 . History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb damage Mar. 99 . Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Pictures Mar. 99 . Word Count: 2050

Critical Mistakes to Avoid While Writing Actuarial Science Personal Statement Essays

Critical Mistakes to Avoid While Writing Actuarial Science Personal Statement Essays Critical Mistakes to Avoid While Writing Actuarial Science Personal Statement Essay Critical Mistakes to Avoid While Writing Actuarial Science Personal Statement Essay Actuarial science is the study of appraising risk factors in the finance or insurance industry. The actuaries calculate the risk by using certain mathematical or statistical methodologies. Students who are pursuing this field have to take care of personal statement writing during taking admission in a university for an advance program such as Masters. These days, getting into a prominent university has become difficult than ever. When students apply to any university they are contending against other bright students but only few can avail the limited seats in the university, while the rest have to look for another academia. The personal statement is the only thing that helps the academia in evaluating which applicant is best suited for the program and for the university. Aside from your undergraduate grades, you can convince the admission officers of the university that you deserve a seat in the university by writing a single page but appealing actuarial science personal statement. However, there are certain critical mistakes that every applicant must avoid to solidify their chances of getting into their dream university. Critical Mistakes First of all, never think that the personal statement is an essay or an autobiography. But think it as a marketing statement which you use to market yourself or sell yourself to the university. Keep in mind that this single page statement is the only thing that can help you in distinguishing yourself from other qualified applicants. You can think of it as a product and consider yourself as a marketing agent whose job is to make the audience – the admission officers – want to buy the product, which in this case is YOU. Majority of students don’t make the most from the statement because they don’t highlight their strengths and positive qualities in it. They don’t sell their accomplishments or achievements as they think it as bragging. Remember that every big or little accomplishment which you have worked hard to achieve must be included in the statement. Many students also fail to address the weaknesses in their academic performance or record. Keep in mind that admission officers look for reasons why the applicant has inconsistencies in his/her record. If you don’t address it effectively the admission committee will assume that the applicant doesn’t care and in the end your applicant will most likely be rejected. Students tend to make mistakes while writing any manuscript. However, those grammatical or spelling mistakes can be corrected if proofread thoroughly. Remember that failure to proofread is the most critical mistake that can reject your application no matter how hard you have worked on it. Consider these critical mistakes and try to avoid them as much as possible.

Arrhenius Equation Formula and Example

Arrhenius Equation Formula and Example In 1889, Svante Arrhenius formulated the Arrhenius equation, which relates reaction rate to temperature. A broad generalization of the Arrhenius equation is to say the reaction rate for many chemical reactions doubles for every increase in 10 degrees Celsius or Kelvin. While this rule of thumb isnt always accurate, keeping it in mind is a good way to check whether a calculation made using the Arrhenius equation is reasonable. Formula There are two common forms of the Arrhenius equation. Which one you use depends on whether you have an activation energy in terms of energy per mole (as in chemistry) or energy per molecule (more common in physics). The equations are essentially the same, but the units are different. The Arrhenius equation as its used in chemistry is often stated according to the formula: k Ae-Ea/(RT) k is the rate constantA is an exponential factor that is a constant for a given chemical reaction, relating the frequency of collisions of particlesEa is the activation energy of the reaction (usually given in Joules per mole or J/mol)R is the universal gas constantT is the absolute temperature (in Kelvins) In physics, the more common form of the equation is: k Ae-Ea/(KBT) k, A, and T are the same as beforeEa is the activation energy of the chemical reaction in JouleskB is the Boltzmann constant In both forms of the equation, the units of A are the same as those of the rate constant. The units vary according to the order of the reaction. In a first-order reaction, A has units of per second (s-1), so it may also be called the frequency factor. The constant k is the number of collisions between particles that produce a reaction per second, while A is the number of collisions per second (which may or may not result in a reaction) that are in the proper orientation for a reaction to occur. For most calculations, the temperature change is small enough that the activation energy is not dependent on temperature. In other words, its usually not necessary to know the activation energy to compare the effect of temperature on reaction rate. This makes the math much simpler. From examining the equation, it should be apparent the rate of a chemical reaction may be increased by either increasing the temperature of a reaction or by decreasing its activation energy. This is why catalysts speed up reactions! Example Find the rate coefficient at 273 K for the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide, which has the reaction: 2NO2(g) → 2NO(g) O2(g) You are given that the activation energy of the reaction is 111 kJ/mol, the rate coefficient is 1.0 x 10-10 s-1, and the value of R is 8.314 x 10-3 kJ mol-1K-1. In order to solve the problem, you need to assume A and Ea dont vary significantly with temperature. (A small deviation might be mentioned in an error analysis, if you are asked to identify sources of error.) With these assumptions, you can calculation the value of A at 300 K. Once you have A, you can plug it into the equation to solve for k at the temperature of 273 K. Start by setting up the initial calculation: k Ae-Ea/RT 1.0 x 10-10 s-1 Ae(-111 kJ/mol)/(8.314 x 10-3 kJ mol-1K-1)(300K) Use your scientific calculator to solve for A and then plug in the value for the new temperature. To check your work, notice the temperature decreased by nearly 20 degrees, so the reaction should only be about a fourth as fast (decreased by about half for every 10 degrees). Avoiding Mistakes in Calculations The most common errors made in performing calculations are using constant that have different units from each other and forgetting to convert Celsius (or Fahrenheit) temperature to Kelvin. Its also a good idea to keep the number of significant digits in mind when reporting answers. Arrhenius Plot Taking the natural logarithm of the Arrhenius equation and rearranging the terms yields an equation that has the same form as the equation of a straight line (y mxb): ln(k) -Ea/R (1/T) ln(A) In this case, the x of the line equation is the reciprocal of absolute temperature (1/T). So, when data is taken on the rate of a chemical reaction, a plot of ln(k) versus 1/T produces a straight line. The gradient or slope of the line and its intercept can be used to determine the exponential factor A and the activation energy Ea. This is a common experiment when studying chemical kinetics.

Xipe Totec from Aztec culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Xipe Totec from Aztec culture - Research Paper Example Holistic religion remains the base for the Aztec culture. The Aztec worshiped a collection of gods each of which had a beneficial side and also a detrimental side to the community. The Aztec rulers were seen as intermediaries between the people and the gods. They were held with such high regard that upon their death they would be buried in magnificent tombs which were filled with offerings and gifts. The Aztec belief of life after death is one that is rather captivating. It was believed that after death the people were taken to the underworld which was characterized by sinister objects and sinister gods. It was characterized by the jaguar which was believed to be the god of the night. There are certain elements of the religion, which will be examined further for the purpose of getting more understanding. The Xipe Totec is in focus here. This is one of the many deities, which existed, in the religious life of the Aztec people. This particular deity was in relation to the aspects of li fe and death. The Aztec people believed that it was this particular deity that was responsible for giving the people of the community and the general humanity food. It is also of the essence to note that there are quite a number of things, which this particular deity is credited. An example in this case is that it was this deity that was the inventor of wars that existed in the world. It is also to be noted that the Aztec placed a lot of belief in some of the things that surrounded the religion of the community. ... An example in this case is that it was this deity that was the inventor of wars that existed in the world. It is also to be noted that the Aztec placed a lot of belief in some of the things that surrounded the religion of the community. An example in this case is to do with the skin, which covered the Xipe Totec. In this case, it is put that the skin was perceived to have some curative properties. For example, if a sick person touched it, he or she was believed to be cured in the process. There are also a lot of things which the people in the community could undertake for the purpose of appeasing this deity. An example here is in relation to human sacrifice, which was something that was rather prevalent in the community. One of the ways through the aspect of human sacrifice was realized in the community was through the arrow sacrifice. What happened here is that the person who was going to be sacrificed was shot with many arrows while his body was placed near the deity. This was so t hat his or her blood could spill on the ground near the Xipe Totec. The Aztec offered blood to the gods but not necessarily through death. What they did however, is engage in activities that brought pain to the body for example piercing themselves with sharp objects or mutilating their bodies. At important ceremonies the sacrificed victim’s heart was burned in order to nourish the gods. This was majorly through human sacrifice. Human sacrifice was considered important as it encourages fertility and demonstrated piety. The Aztec offered blood to the gods but not necessarily through death. What they did however, is engage in activities that brought pain to the body for example piercing themselves with sharp objects

8,9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8,9 - Essay Example Fundamentally, client satisfaction depends on feeling about a particular customer service extended to them by the businesses. Therefore, businesses have an obligation to add value by providing excellent customer service. In essence, it is significant to practice friendliness, courtesy, attentiveness, care, and responsiveness when dealing with clients even in situations where their requests seem unfavorable. The aforementioned factors are critical to the success of the business enterprise. My experience with a shipping company was embarrassing. I had waited for my products to be delivered in time, but the company did not explain to me comprehensively about the delay. The company sent an email to me in a language that appeared impolite. It was a total disregard and disrespect to me. Instead of communicating effectively the expected date of delivering my product, the company never presented any clear information to when I should receive my product. The company strategy of giving incomplete information was disrespect to me as a loyal customer. It would have been appropriate for the company to plan the message well, and present information that contains the reason for the delay of my product. In addition, the message ought to reflect a language that underpins hope, positivity, and credibility as the company seeks to maintain me as their

Singapore English

Singapore English Introduction The range of domains and depth of use of English are closely related to the degree and manner of nativization in a non native variety. For the second category of users, however, the use of English is restricted to international purposes and the elite of societies in certain very specific domains like academic discussions and publications. The Singapore award-winning poet, Edwin Thumboo, expresses: We were very conscious of writing in English but not writing in England. We had to domesticate the English Language, give it a local habitation. For instance, I have never published a poem about a nightingale. But, of course, you cannot substitute one bird for another; you have to make the language your own. We were looking for an identity while using English to express it. (The Straits Times, 1989, November 1) Countries are institutionalized varieties, which have developed over an extended period of time and are now used in many domains. In his arguments for recognizing these varieties, Kachru says that non-native users of English have internalizations which are linked to their own multilinguistic, sociolinguistic and sociocultural contexts (B. B. Kachru, 1991, p. 5). The varieties differ from native varieties, in range and depth of their nativized features. The deviations from native norms occur at almost all linguistic levels -phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, style and discourse, and they are systematic and productive. These latter varieties of non-native English (or new English (for examples of non-native English, see (Moag, 1982), as they have been called recently, have been accorded status by both native and non-native speakers and have received much attention from linguists, educators and writers. Some linguists have gone to the extent of advocating use of the educated nativized variety of English as the standard for teaching (Tay Gupta 1983; Gupta 1986). Historical Background of English in Singapore and Malaysia Any historical discussion on Singapore, especially relating to the period before its independence in 1965, is almost always linked to historical development in Malaysia. This is inevitable as Singapore was one of the Straits Settlements in British Malaya and, in 1963, it became a political component of the independent Malaysia. Therefore, until its separation from Malaysia in 1965, Singapore and Malaysia constituted a single political entity. The establishment of British settlements in Penang (1786) and Singapore (1819) and the British take-over of Malacca in 1824 from the Dutch in Great Britains attempt to control access to the Straits of Malacca, essential to its tea trade with China, mark the beginning of the influx of immigrants and the development of large and diverse speech communities in Malaya. The increasing British influence on the Malay Peninsula coincided with the further influx of large groups of Chinese from the south-eastern provinces of China and the Tamil-speaking Indians from South India. This was a result of increased production of tin and, at the beginning of twentieth century, the establishment of the rubber industry (Platt Weber, 1980). Platt and Weber note that by the twentieth century there had developed in the British Straits Settlements and the Malay States a series of complex communities consisting not only of ethnic subgroups speaking their own native languages and dialects but also belonging to different social classes and backgrounds and engaged in different forms of employment (Platt Weber, 1980, p. 4). At the beginning of nineteenth century, British interests in Malaya and the Straits Settlements expanded, and it was clear to some members of non European ethnic groups that English was an important, powerful language. It was the language of the colonial masters; it was the language of government and administration, and it was used extensively in the judiciary. Thus, a good command of the language was certainly an asset. However, with the rapid expansion of their interests in the region, the British soon saw the need for a group of English-educated non-Europeans who could assist them in their duties. They thus authorized the establishment of private secular mission-supported schools in the Straits Settlements at the beginning of the nineteenth century (for a brief account of the history of English education from 1819 to after 1978, see Chua, 1990). These schools were at first available only to children from the well-to-do families of the different ethnic groups but later medium families were able to use these education. These English-educated school children would use English at home with their neighbors who also attended English-medium schools. Their younger siblings, being impressed by the new language, also acquired some English even before starting school. Thus, the use of English spread from the school domain to the home domain, and later, to the employment and friendship domains (Platt Weber, 1980). It is thus clear that unlike some other varieties of English, Singapore-Malaysian English has developed through education. Some varieties of English like American English, Australian English, Canadian English, New Zealand English, etc. have evolved in a natural way because of mixing of settlers over a period of time, while others like creoles have developed though pidgin English (Platt Weber, 1980). The post-colonial era in the history of Malaysia and Singapore is marked by two major political changes. One was the independence of Malaya in 1957 from British rule, followed by the formation of Malaysia incorporating the Federation of Malaya, the crown states of Sabah and Sarawak and the then self-overned Singapore in 1963. The other was the separation of Singapore from the political union of Malaysia in 1965.These political changes have had an immense influence on the spread and use of English in Malaysia and Singapore. English spread in Singapore Unlike Malaysia, where the use of English is gradually decreasing, Singapore has seen an expansion in its use. This is mainly due to increased enrollments in English-medium schools (Doraisamy ,1969).At the end of 1983, when the Ministry of Education decided that all schools, starting from January 1984, would be gradually converted into National Stream schools and English will be taught as first language. However, as more people are educated in English and with fewer people speaking Malay, English is slowly replacing Malay as the language for inter-ethnic communication, especially among the younger generation (for discussions on interethnic communication, see Platt Weber, 1980, and Tay1982a) . As English is now the common language in all schools we can thus assume that it will play an even more important role in international domains like trade, diplomacy, cultural exchange, conferences and intranational domains such as government administration, law, education, home and friendship communication in the near future. The widespread use of English within the nation itself inevitably means that English has gone through the process called indigenization (Moag Moag, 1977; Moag, 1982; Richards, 1979a) or nativization (B. B. Kachru, 1983a). To use B. B. Kachrus words (B. B. Kachru, 1982b), English has been transplanted from its source country (Britain) and acculturated to the local environment. What this means is that certain features in native British English have been permanently modified in view of the new cultural setting in Singapore which involves the interplay of the distinct ethnic cultures of Malays, Indians, and Chinese. These features manifest themselves in the phonology, lexis, syntax, semantics and styles of discourse in Singapore English. Therefore, when Singaporean English users speak or write English, there are telling signs that distinguish them from native English speakers or writers from Britain, America, Australia or New Zealand, although educated Singaporean speakers or writers have little problem making themselves understood. What are the features that distinguish the English of Singaporeans from that of, for example, the Englishmen or Americans? Characteristics and features of Singapore English The pioneering work done on Singapore and Malaysian English is the book by Tongue entitled The English of Singapore and Malaysia (1974). The book contains useful data on the phonology, syntax and lexis of Singapore English but it lacks theoretical foundation. The data are categorized under the dichotomy of standard and sub-standard forms. Some of the sub-standard forms given are actually not wrong but used in the variety of English. More importantly, Singaporean English is not treated as a system on its own, and the sociolinguistic contexts surrounding the use of sub-standard forms are not considered. Crewes works (1977, 1978a, 1978b, 1979) reflect his purist attitudes towards Singapore English. He regards Singapore English as a foreign language and implies that the English-educated Singaporean is a helpless and pitiable person. Later, Crewe came forward with the book British English and Singapore English.Exercises in Awareness (Crewe, 1979). The book claims to help Singaporeans to get rid of â€Å"Singaporeanisms† with a series of exercises where individual sentences have to be corrected so as to make them look more like British English. A more scholarly and systematic treatment of Singapore and Malaysian English is by Platt and Weber in their book entitled English in Singapore and Malaysia (1980). Using the methods of statistical correlation designed by Labov (1972a, 1972b), they observe that there is a direct correlation between the degree and frequency of divergence from Standard British English and variables such as formality, topic, domain and relationship of interlocutors. They looked at Singapore English as a system. Singapore English have been discussed from different views and therefore variety of characteristics and features have been mentioned and discussed. This study covers parts of these characteristics. Rythem: Deterding (Deterding, 2001; Deterding, Brown, Low, 2005) investigated the contrasting rhythmic properties of two varieties of English: Singapore English, which is often described as syllable-timed, and British English, which is more usually assumed to be stress-timed. Deterings (2001) study showed that there is a significantly greater variability in this measure of syllable-to-syllable duration for British English, which supports previous indications that, by comparison, Singapore English might indeed be regarded as being more syllable-timed. Additionally, it was found that there is little evidence of the influence of speaking rate on the measured differences in rhythm, but there is some evidence that the greater frequency of reduced syllables with a schwa in British English contributes to the difference between the two varieties. Grammar: Difference between Singapore and British English grammar has been discussed by scholars (Deterding, Low, Brown, 2003; Lim, 2004). †¢ Verbs:Verb generally appears in an uninflected form (Wee, 2004).For example, as Wee shows, â€Å"the verb eat is not marked for tense or number. Because the verb are uninflected, time and aspectual information are conveyed via words (using words like yesterday or already). o A.He eat here yesterday o B. He not yet eat lunch o C. They eat already Aspect is marked via forms like always, already or still. Thus, always is used to mark habituality o The bus always late The progressive aspect is marked by still o Late already, you still eat. Be and got: Platt and Weber (1980) noted that Singapore English clauses that are attributive or equative tend not to use the verb be o The house very nice The verb got is used variously in Singapore English as a perfective, a possessive, and an existentional marker o He got go to Japan o You got buy lottery? o You got nice shirt o Here got many people †¢ Nouns: As Wee (2004) mentioned: â€Å"Within the noun phrase, Singaporean tends to make use of articles. It treats non count nouns and its relstive clauses are ordered rather differently than their counterparts in more standard varieties of English†(p. 1058) †¢ Objects: Object preposing is another characteristic of Singapore English. â€Å"The object, (direct or indirect) is commonly preposed, giving rise to example like following†: o To my sister sometimes I speak English o The movie dont know whether good or not †¢ Question forming:† In wh-interrogatives, the interrogative pronoun typically remains in situ†(Wee, 2004, p. 1063) o You buy what? o This bus go where? For yes/no questions, they make use of the invariant tag is it. It also has another tag or not o The food good or not? o You busy or not? †¢ The passive:† Singaporean use kena passive phrase† (Wee, 2004, p. 1064) o The thief kena caught (by the police) †¢ Adjective reduplication: â€Å"Adjective reduplication in Singapore English intensifies the meaning of the base adjective†: o Dont always eat sweet-sweet (very sweet) things. La and Lah: These two Variables perform an important part in Singapore English and are interesting topics for linguistic experts. For instance, findings from Bell and Ser (1983) concluded that: â€Å"The existence of strict rules governing the occurrence of La not only in sentences but also inside the structure of noun phrases and verb phrases. La demonstrates the value of solidarity, friendship, a reduction of social distance between participants, in contrast with Lah dignals hostility and social distancing function†(p.17) References Bell, R. T., Ser, L. P. Q. (1983). To-day la? Tomorrow lah!; the LA Particle in Singapore English. RELC Journal, 14(2), 1-18. Deterding, D. (2001). The measurement of rhythm: a comparison of Singapore and British English. Journal of Phonetics, 29, 217-230. Deterding, D., Brown, A., Low, E. L. (2005). English in Singapore : phonetic research on a corpus. Singapore ; New York: McGraw Hill. Deterding, D., Low, E. L., Brown, A. (2003). English in Singapore : research on grammar. Singapore ; New York: McGraw Hill. Lim, L. (2004). Singapore English : a grammatical description. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Platt, J. T., Weber, H. (1980). English in Singapore and Malaysia : status, features, functions. Kuala Lumpur ; New York: Oxford University Press. Wee, L. (2004). Singapore English: morphology and syntax. In E. W. Schneider B. Kortmann (Eds.), A handbook of varieties of English : a multimedia reference tool. Berlin ; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Cheating is wrong Essay

Cheating is wrong. There’s no way of justifying cheating whether it’s plagiarizing, being unfaithful to your partner, or just finding a loophole to win an event. You can get caught cheating and have serious consequences. Not only is it morally wrong, cheating is simply a poor excuse not to work hard at achieving your ultimate goals. First off, plagiarism is a highly common way of cheating. If you study at a college or university, expulsion can be a form of reprimanding in terms of this offense. This form of cheating is highly unethical, as it is the deliberate forging of some one else’s thoughts for your personal gain. It’s no different from stealing from a store, as a matter of fact, it is stealing. Someone else took the time to think their own thoughts and create new ideas, for you to just take those same thoughts and use them as your own. It’s disrespectful. Take the time to create your own ideas; you’ll be surprised at how great your own thoughts can really be. Aside from plagiarism, cheating can be morally wrong in terms of your life partner. If you were to cheat on your wife or husband it would hurt them dearly. It could be depressing to them to the point where they could end the relationship, or be hurt so bad they commit suicide as a drastic measure. You built a relationship with that person. Don’t ruin that very relationship over some other person that you didn’t take the time to build that relationship with. Lastly, cheating on an event like a game or competition is just shameful. If you can’t win naturally from your hard work and dedication, then you didn’t you didn’t deserve to win in the first place. There’s no satisfaction when you cheat to win. It would feel a lot better knowing you truly deserved a victory. For example, in baseball the some of the biggest hitters in history have been caught using steroids to gain power in their swing. What would normally be a fly out in normal circumstances is now a homerun because someone decided to use anabolics to gain strength. It’s not fair to all the other athletes who spend their whole lives training to be the best that they can be. To conclude, cheating is wrong in every way. If you cheat on an essay at school, on your wife or other life partner, or even a sports game; it makes no difference. The consequences could be very serious. Life ruining perhaps. So don’t cheat , live an honest life and see how rewarding it can be.

I m Fed Up ! By Mary Sue - 1061 Words

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Should We Use Animals For Experiments - 1335 Words

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